SAN FRANCISCO (AP) — A federal judge this week skewered a $1.5 billion settlement between artificial intelligence company Anthropic and authors who allege nearly half a million books had been illegally pirated to train chatbots, raising the specter that the case could still end up going to trial.

After spending nearly an hour mostly lambasting a settlement that he said he believes is full of pitfalls, U.S. District Judge William Alsup scheduled another hearing in San Francisco on Sept. 25 to review whether his concerns had been addressed.

“We’ll see if I can hold my nose and approve it” then, Alsup said before adjourning a hearing earlier this week.

Afterwards, the leader of a publishers group involved in the settlement called some of the judge’s revised timetable for approving the deal “troubling,” in an acknowledgement that the proposed resolution could unravel.

Alsup “demonstrated a lack of understanding of how the publishing industry works,” said Maria Pallante, CEO of the Association of American Publishers, who attended the hearing but was not asked to speak.

The judge’s misgivings emerged just a few days after Anthropic and attorneys who filed the class-action lawsuit announced a $1.5 billion settlement that is designed to resolve the pirating claims and avert a trial that had been scheduled to begin in December.

Alsup had dealt the case a mixed ruling in June, finding that training AI chatbots on copyrighted books wasn’t illegal but that Anthropic wrongfully acquired millions of books through pirate websites to help improve its Claude chatbot.

The proposed settlement would pay authors and publishers about $3,000 for each of the books covered by the agreement.

Justin Nelson, an attorney for the authors, told Alsup that about 465,000 books are on the list of works pirated by Anthropic. The judge said he needed more ironclad assurances that number won’t swell to ensure the company doesn’t get blindsided by more lawsuits “coming out of the woodwork.”

The judge set a Sept. 15 deadline for a “drop-dead list” of the total books that were pirated.

Alsup’s main concern centered on how the claims process will be handled in an effort to ensure everyone eligible knows about it so the authors don’t “get the shaft.” He set a Sept. 22 deadline for submitting a claims form for him to review before the Sept. 25 hearing to review the settlement again.

The judge also raised worries about two big groups connected to the case — the Authors Guild and the Association of American Publishers — working “behind the scenes” in ways that could pressure some authors to accept the settlement without fully understanding it.

In a statement issued after the hearing the Authors Guild said it was “confused” about Alsup’s concern that it might be secretly trying to undermine some of the writers represented in the settlement.

The Authors Guild said its work on the settlement is designed “to ensure that authors’ interests are fully represented” while contributing its expertise to “the discussions with complete transparency.”

In her statement, Pallante said she hopes Alsup will remain flexible as he learns more about how the publishing industry works so the settlement can be preserved.

“The court seems to be envisioning a claims process that would be unworkable, and sees a world with collateral litigation between authors and publishers for years to come,” Pallante said. “Class actions are supposed to resolve cases, not create new disputes, and certainly not between the class members who were harmed in the first place.”